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שמעתי אז א איד בן-שושן פון מאראקא האט איהם געגעבן פאפירעןמסתמא א פערצופאל. אין וויקי שטייט עמיצער וואס האט זיך באקענט מיט אים דוכט זיך, האט עס אים געגיבן.
It was in 1947 that Shushani, the mysterious Talmudic scholar, reappeared in my life. For two or three years he taught me unforgettable lessons about the limits of language and reason, about the behavior of sages and madmen, about the obscure paths of thought as it wends its way across centuries and cultures. But I learned nothing of the secret in which he enveloped himself.
I remember our decisive encounter. It took place on a Friday, on the train taking me back to Taverny from Francois's. Still somewhat preoccupied by the conflict between Racine and Corneille, I plunged into the Book of Job, only because I was scheduled to give a talk the next day, after the service and before the Sabbath meal, on the problems it raised.
That was our custom. Each week someone gave a presentation on a subject of his choice, preferably biblical. My very first address was entitled "The Ghetto: Salutary or Destructive Experience for the Jewish People?" Kalman and I worked on it together. I made the presentation and he answered questions. Niny and Andre, one of our best counselors, helped me prepare the "outline." I had no trouble finding sources, for I knew all about ghettos. But for the talk on Job I hadn't had time to write out anything. That didn't worry me: I would simply read passages and comment, line by line. I felt confident that I knew the subject.
As I sat there on the train, someone suddenly spoke to me in Yiddish in a hoarse, raspy voice. It was the man I had seen at Aya Samuel's in Lyons. He was slovenly, and his ridiculous tiny hat and dusty glasses made him more than a little conspicuous. "Come over here," he said, looking at me. "There's room." When I didn't move, he came and sat down next to me. "What are you reading?" he asked, as if we had known each other for years. Without waiting for an answer, he took the book out of my hands, glanced at the cover, flipped through the pages, and handed it back to me: "The only thing of value here," he said matter-of-factly, "is an innovative commentary on the fifth verse of the fifth chapter." Then he asked me why I was carrying Job around. "Because," I stammered, "I have to give a talk about it tomorrow." "Oh, you're teaching Job? You?" "I'm just supposed to talk about it a little," I said, lowering my head.
He asked me—was there a hint of sarcasm in his voice?—whether I knew the subject. Yes, I said nervously, but not that well. ... "But you've studied it closely?" Well, maybe not closely enough. "In other words, you're going to teach without having studied." I was silent. "You probably figure you know enough to impress your audience, right? Or at least enough to have the right to discuss the subject, yes?" I couldn't think of an answer so I said nothing, but he kept at me until I stammered a few words about the value of dialogue, silence, and the theme of friendship, and the power of Satan. Which was pretty much all I knew. He then proceeded to prove that I had understood nothing whatever about the marvelous Book of Job. In fact, I couldn't even translate the very first verse to his standard. And if I was arrogant enough to believe that this was the only subject about which I knew nothing, I was sadly mistaken, as he now proved by subjecting me to a veritable examination strewn with traps and trick questions. It was clear I was an insolent ignoramus of the worst order. "And," Shushani concluded, "you have the chutzpah to give a speech on Job in public?"
All right, enough of that, I thought. I was eager for this ordeal to end. The train moved with agonizing lethargy, but to my relief we finally arrived in Taverny, where I could take leave of his sarcasm. I got up, shook his hand, and politely wished him a good Shabbat. "What do you mean, a good Shabbat?" he said. "We're not done yet. I'm coming with you."
That Shabbat is engraved in my memory like a punishment. No one had invited Shushani, and I wondered whether the sole purpose of his gate-crashing was to ruin my talk. That was his method. He liked to demolish before rebuilding, to abase before offering recompense.
I trembled as I began my presentation. Ish haya be'eretz Utz. . . . There was a man in the land of Uz. . . . A perfect and upright father, charitable and generous. Almost a tzaddik, a man so good that Satan was jealous of him. . . . Supreme injustice: Job suffers without having sinned, and God goes along with the game. . . . Job as a living example of the problem of theodicy… My classmates paid no attention to the strange-looking man who had come for the talk and the meal but not for the service. Ensconced in a corner, he seemed to have dozed off. I half expected him to interrupt me, but he was charitable enough to let me finish in peace. He didn't speak during the discussion either, but an ironic smile fluttered on his lips.
It was during the traditional third meal of Shabbat, late in the afternoon, as dusk gathered, that the thunderbolt fell upon the assembly. Breaking the silence between two songs, he began to talk about the prayers composed in honor of the final hours of Shabbat. His voice was husky, but it commanded attention. What was Shabbat, and who was the queen who bore its name? Over whom did she reign, and with what powers was she invested? Shushani juggled quotations drawn from medieval lyric poetry and the mystic sources of Safed, painting a vivid yet subtle portrait. All at once we pictured the queen; we could feel her presence, were intoxicated by her grace, and became her doting escorts.
Night had long since fallen. We could have recited the prayer of Maariv, performed the Havdalah, and lighted the lamps, but no one dreamed of it. While this orator spoke, we lived outside time in paradise.
In the end he broke the spell himself, putting his hands on the table, pushing himself up, and emitting a soft grunt as if to say, That's it. We dropped back down to earth, and a new week began.
On Sunday he treated us to a "real" lecture--on Job, of course; to "rehabilitate him," as he put it. It was a dazzling, stimulating, provocative, enriching exposition the likes of which I had never heard: Job and Abraham, Job and the Prophet Elijah, Job and Balaam; the language and philosophy of Job; the Jewish attitude toward suffering and injustice; the commentaries of Rabbi Yohanan and Resh Lakish; truth and myth; the possibilities of the Midrash, but also its limits. Of course everyone looked at me almost as much as at him, as though deriding me: now that's what you call an analysis of Job. I felt ashamed. Having lost face, I wanted to flee. But I stayed, and afterward he but- tonholed me as we filed out. "Now at least you'll be able to talk about Job a little more intelligently," he said. I made an attempt to pull away, but he held my arm and added, "Admit you haven't learned anything yet." And I heard myself answer, "Help me learn." He made one last nasty comment and disappeared. It was a game that went on for several days.
But I refused to give up. I sensed in him such great intellectual power and such a deep fund of knowledge that I actually began to pursue him. In fact, I already belonged to him. I gave him my reason and my will. His words banished distance and obstacles. It was as though he were explaining to the Creator Himself the triumphs and defeats of His creation. If he shook my inner peace, that was what I wanted. If he overturned certainties, so much the better, for they were beginning to weigh heavily upon me. Man is defined by what troubles him, not by what reassures him. I needed to be forced to start all over.
In Shushani I had found a master. I would later discover that he had also taught the great French Jewish philosopher Emmanuel Levinas and that his disciples included renowned professors who paid him fabulous fees. What he did with all that money I'll never know. Everything about him was a mystery. Where had he come from? Philosophy, Marx said, has no history, but what about philosophers? Don't they have a history? This one seemed not to, or else he meant to keep it secret.
No one knew his real name, his origin, or his age. What kind of family did he come from? What was he seeking to achieve, or to forget? Had he ever known happiness, had he ever known a woman? He spoke of himself only to obscure his tracks. Where did he acquire his immense knowledge? Who had ordained him a rabbi? Where had he learned all those ancient and modern languages? Where and toward what end had he studied Sanskrit? He mastered Hungarian in two weeks, just to surprise me. He knew the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds by heart, also Maimonides, Nahmanides, and Crescas, not to mention Yehuda Halevy, the poems of Ibn Gabirol, and the Greek and Latin classics as well. One Shabbat afternoon in Taverny he gave an entire lecture about the very first verse of the Book of Isaiah: "The vision of Isaiah, the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah." It lasted four hours, and even single words were courses in themselves. Chazon means "vision”, but is it an image or a word? Was it received from outside or did it come from within? In a waking or a dreaming state? What is its relation to individual piety and organized society? What is the difference between prophecy and vision, vision and hallucination? Can it be that one must be a Jew to have visions? What about Balaam in the Bible or the oracle at Delphi? And who was Isaiah? And why is he called the prince of prophets? What were his complaints against his people? Why was he so harsh with them? If we compare him, say, to Jeremiah, which of the two touches us more deeply? How to define his relation to language and to prophecy? Didn't other prophets, like Moses himself, or Jonah, try to escape their prophetic obligation? More generally, does a prophet have the right to reject his role and mission? Doesn't the law say that a prophet who rejects his prophetic mission merits death? Is that why he died an unnatural death, his body cut in two by King Manasseh? Why did all the prophets die tragically? Without ever departing from the verse, Shushani swept us along at a dizzying pace, as other realms and horizons opened before him and before us. He left us breathless, hovering between the summit and the depths of knowledge, the one as disturbing as the other.
One day he asked us to question him about anything we wanted, the Bible or politics, history or the Midrash, detective stories or the Zohar. He listened to our questions, eyelids drooping, waiting for everyone to finish. And then, like a magician, he gathered it all together to create a mosaic of stunning richness and rigor, harmoniously weaving our questions and his answers together. Suddenly each of us realized that all these themes, raised at random as if for his amusement, were in fact linked to a center, to a single focus of clarity. Yes, Cain's murderous act contained that of Titus. Yes, Jacob's wrestling with the angel heralded the adventure of the Jewish people defying their fate.
The village clock in the distance had long since tolled midnight, but the inexhaustible orator talked on, endowing his words with a thousand shining highlights and his thought with as many shadows, and it was our common prayer that his rough, monotonous voice would never fall silent.
Detractors called him a modern-day Faust. Had he sold his soul to Satan in exchange for limitless knowledge? A daring hypothesis, but I rejected it. I don't know if he was a holy man in disguise, a kabalist wandering the earth to gather "divine sparks" so as to reconstitute the original flame, or an eternal vagabond, the timeless outsider who embodies doubt and threat. But I am sure he did not belong to the powers of "the other side”, that of darkness.
One day, unable to contain my curiosity, I foolishly violated his sanctuary, asking him the question that haunted even my dreams: "Who are you? Who are you really? If I have children someday, I would like to be able to tell them about you. . . . I mean later . . ." He froze, and a cruel expression came over his face. I could hear his rasping breath. Then he unleashed his fury: "And who says there'll be a later?" Fortunately, his anger subsided as quickly as it had been aroused.
I sometimes talk about Shushani in my writings and in my lectures. Whenever I mention him, strangers write to me or come up to me adding this or that detail about his life and his mystery—a young rabbi in Connecticut who had met him in Montevideo, a merchant in Paris who told me that Shushani gave him financial advice, the mother of a Jewish beauty queen in North Carolina who remembers listening to him in Tavern. In San Francisco and Montreal, Caracas and Marseilles, when I mentioned Shushani, a smile would appear on some listener's face, and I knew I had just rekindled a spark.
Haim-Hersh Kahan, a childhood friend, wrote from Oslo that he had attended one of Shushani's courses in a synagogue near the Rue des Rosiers: "Everything I had learned till then was as nothing by comparison."
The latest to date is a nuclear physicist, Jacques Goldberg, who shared with me a chidush that he attributes to Shushani. Knowing nothing about physics, nuclear or otherwise, I cannot claim to understand the implications of his communication. In fact, I often felt that Shushani's words were beyond understanding. In fact, I think he liked to be misunderstood. Menashe attended his courses for a while, but eventually gave up. "Be careful," he warned me. "This man wants to shake our faith. He scares me." Menashe emigrated to the United States and settled in Brooklyn, where he became a rosh yeshiva, the head of an academy, and stayed with Shushani.
I couldn't leave him and didn't want to. He was one of those men who stay with you, inhabiting you and troubling you long after they have gone. Few people have so disconcerted and fascinated me. Clearly, in his role as teacher and master he was intent on transmitting and sharing something, but to this day I don't know what. His certainties? I don't know if he had any. Perhaps his doubts. He used his abilities to perturb established truths.
What were his complaints about man? What did he demand of Jewish thought and history or of man's destiny? On his lips the words "yes" and "no" were equivalent. He developed his own theories and systems in one bold sweep, and used the same arguments to defend or destroy them, leaving the subjugated pupil feeling as though he had been led to the threshold of an adventure that now might cast him into an abyss or take him to towering heights. He was contradiction personified, with all its allure and danger. How to explain his apparent poverty, when his suitcase (which I once chanced to glimpse open) contained a quantity of jewels and foreign currency? What accounted for his taste for wandering? Was he one of those Hasidic masters who must wander in exile before revealing himself, one of the thirty-six hidden Just Men thanks to whom the world exists as a world? I knew of no country he hadn't visited. He had been seen in Algiers, heard in Casablanca, spotted in Nepal. Like the na-venadnik of legend, he never slept in the same place two nights in a row. Was he a vegetarian? He refused to take his meals in public. How did he sustain his strength? He could speak for eight hours at a stretch without showing the slightest physical or intellectual fatigue.
During the Occupation he was arrested by an officer of the Gestapo. In perfect German he declared that he was Alsatian, Aryan, and a university professor to boot. The officer guffawed at the sight of this vagabond. "You, a professor?"
"Yes, me."
"And what do you teach?"
"Higher mathematics."
"No luck. It just so happens that I myself am a professor of higher mathematics in civilian life."
Shushani was unfazed. "Well," he replied, "you can of course test my knowledge if you like. But I have a better idea. Let me pose a problem to you. If you can solve it, shoot me. If you can't, let me go." Released, Shushani slipped into Switzerland, where the chief rabbi became one of his most devoted admirers.
Later, having heard that the Rebbe of Satmar had arrived in Paris, he decided to visit him at his hotel. The hallway was crammed with followers waiting to present their requests to the tzaddik. Before entering the room in which the Rebbe was enthroned, everyone lined up to give the secretary the traditional pidyon, a banknote. But Shushani tore a leaf out of his notebook, scribbled a few words, and told the secretary, "I order you to bring this message to the Rebbe; otherwise I cannot be responsible." The terrified secretary obeyed. Suddenly the door opened and the Rebbe himself emerged, looking for the visitor in vagabond's garb. They spent several hours alone together, and the content of their discussion was never divulged. But the Rebbe was heard to murmur: "I grant that a human being can know so many things, but how do you manage to understand them?" Yet I never actually saw him with an open book. Was that because he knew them all, even those he hadn't read? Perhaps it was when he closed his eyes that he could read nonexistent books, or at least books not yet written.
It is difficult to describe our private sessions in Tavernay, Ver-sailles, and later in my room on the Rue Le Marois. His knowledge poured down upon me and I devoured his words. It was as though his words came to me from a distant sanctuary I could never approach. We would spend entire weeks on a single page of the Talmud, from the treatise exploring the problems of divorce, for instance, without ever veering from the subject. He spoke, and I followed him in a state of ecstasy and nostalgia. It is to him I owe my constant drive to question, my pursuit of the mystery that lies within knowledge and of the darkness hidden within light.
Why did Shushani accept—perhaps even choose—me as a pupil? Why did he think me deserving? What was it about me that interested him? I have no idea. In general, those are the words I speak most often when talking about him: I have no idea. His disappearances and reappearances, his changes of mood, his feigned or sincere outbursts of anger, all seemed incomprehensible. Why did he never talk about himself? Why did he shroud himself in so much mystery, concealing even his real name? Why did he hide his origins? Why did he live such a bizarre life? Why did he decline to reveal himself to the broader public he surely could have conquered?
I remember that, many years later, he refused to leave Monte-video and come to New York to give courses to a few dozen students. I had suggested it to him, and wealthy friends were ready to finance the project. "Out of the question," he replied. "I swore I would never again set foot on American soil after I lost all that money in the stock market crash." Was it true? Shlomo Malka, a French journalist, and I devoted some fifteen radio broadcasts to Shushani. The series generated voluminous mail from listeners claiming to know "the truth" about him. Now, an eternity later, I think I know the truth, or can at least roughly approximate it.
Born in Lithuania, young Mordechai Rosenbaum (his real name) dazzled relatives and teachers with his prodigious memory. He retained everything he read. Even before his bar mitzvah he could recite the entire Talmud by heart. People came great distances to listen to him, and his father took him even further afield, exhibiting him, for a fee, in various communities. That was how he got rich, and how he traveled the world. Everywhere he went he stunned and enchanted his audience, becoming a formidable acrobat of knowledge. Is there a knowledge that money can corrupt? Does the Torah contain unsuspected perils when turned into a money-making instrument? I have no idea. I still don't know why he disappeared so often, or where he went, or why he left so abruptly for Uruguay. Did he fear another war in Europe? Was it his taste for uprooting himself or his constant need for new experiences? All I know is that he died one Friday afternoon in 1965 in Montevideo, where he was performing, according to some, as a sage, and according to others, as a beadle. I told the story in One Generation After. Seated under a tree, surrounded by pupils, he was teaching the Talmud. Suddenly, in the middle of a citation, his head fell upon a female student's shoulder. An instant later he was gone. It happened shortly before the arrival of Shabbat. In Jewish tradition such a death is considered a mitat nesbika, or gentle death: The angel comes, embracing the chosen one as one would a friend, and takes him away, sparing him every trace of agony and suffering. He was in full possession of his faculties. Since an essay I had written on his teachings was found in his pocket, I was asked to compose the Hebrew inscription for his tombstone: "The rabbi and sage Mordechai Shushani, blessed be his memory. His birth and his life are bound and sealed in enigma. Died the sixth day of the week, Erev Shabbat Kodesh, 26 Tevet 5726."
To Shlomo Malka, who wrote a very good book about Shushani, I confided my conviction that this enigma must be respected. By what right would we seek to unravel it, thereby violating secrets of his personality that he himself protected so fiercely? I simply speak of him as a disciple speaks of his master—with gratitude. I am increasingly convinced that he must be considered one of the great, disturbing figures of our tradition. He saw his role as that of agitator and troublemaker. He upset the believer by demonstrating the fragility of his faith; he shook the heretic by making him feel the torments of the void. Why was he so determined not to be known? From whom was he hiding, and why? Were his travels motivated by a taste for wandering or the need to flee? Perhaps he wanted to be able constantly to begin anew, with new disciples. Why did he write these indecipherable manuscripts, some of which are in my possession? For whom were they intended? Was it to forge his own myth, as a genius of memory? What I know is that I would not be the man I am, the Jew I am, had not an astonishing, disconcerting vagabond accosted me one day to inform me that I understood nothing.